IMUNOLOGI

Assalamu'alaikum..

Hi semua,, udah beberapa hari ni ngga ada posting baru, nah kali ini Ane mw posting satu topik yang penting tuk teman-teman semua,,

Nah teman-teman semua tentunya dong apa itu imunologi, jadi Ane rasa ngga perlu dijelasin lagi apa tu imunologi,,

So dalam posting kali ini Ane mau berbagi sama teman semua klo yang satu ini kykny perlu diketahui dan penting untuk dipahami apalagi bagi yang lagi belajar tentang penyakit yang berkaitan dengan system imun,,,

Silakan di baca and semoga bermanfaat, amin,,


 

 

TABLE 42-1   -- CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION (CD) MARKERS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

CD Antigen	Main Cellular Expression	Ligand	Major Function
CD1a–e	Cortical thymocytes, dendritic cells, B cells, intestinal epithelium (CD1d)	T-cell receptor	MHC class I–like molecules, presentation of nonpeptide antigens to T cells
CD2	T cells, thymocytes, NK cells	CD48, CD58	T-cell activation, adhesion; also called LFA-2
CD3	Thymocytes, T cells		Associated with the T-cell antigen receptor, T-cell signaling complex
CD4	Helper T cells, monocytes, macrophages	MHC class II molecules	Coreceptor to T-cell receptor, signal transduction
CD8	Cytotoxic T cells, NK cells (α-chain)	MHC class I molecules	Coreceptor to T-cell receptor, signal transduction
CD11a	T cells, B cells, NK cells, monocyte/macrophage, neutrophils	ICAM-1 to -4	Pairs with CD18 to form LFA-1 (integrin), cell adhesion and migration
CD11b	Dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, NK cells, neutrophils	ICAM-1, complement component iC3b	Pairs with CD18, α-chain of complement receptor CR3, cell adhesion
CD11c	Dendritic cells, monocytes, neutrophils	ICAM-1, complement component iC3b	Pairs with CD18, α-chain of complement receptor CR4, cell adhesion
CD14	Monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils	LPS	Associates with TLR4, cell activation
CD16	NK cells, monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils	IgG Fc	Cell activation, phagocytosis, ATCC
CD18	T cells, B cells, NK cells, monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils	ICAM	Cell adhesion
CD19	B cells		Coreceptor for B-cell receptor, signal transduction
CD20	B cells		Regulates B-cell activation
CD21	B cells	Complement component C3d, EBV	Coreceptor for B-cell activation, complement receptor 2
CD23	Mature B cells, eosinophils, follicular dendritic cells	IgE	Low-affinity Fc receptor for IgE, B-cell activation
CD25	Activated T and B cells, NK cells	IL-2	Growth factor receptor
CD27	T cells, NK cells	CD70	Costimulation
CD28	T cells	CD80/CD86	Costimulation
CD31	Endothelial cells, naïve T cells, myeloid cells, B cells	CD38	Adhesion; also called PECAM-1
CD32	Myeloid cells, B cells	IgG	Low-affinity Fc receptor FcγRII, phagocytosis
CD34	Hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial cells	CD62 (L-selectin)	Adhesion
CD36	Monocytes/macrophages, platelets, endothelial cells	Thrombospondin, collagens, oxidized LDL	Scavenger receptor
CD40	B cells, monocytes, dendritic cells	CD154 (CD40 ligand)	B cell/dendritic cell costimulation
CD44	Lymphocytes, myeloid cells	Hyaluronic acid	Leukocyte homing
CD45	Leukocytes		Tyrosine phosphatase, augments signaling, alternative splicing produces multiple isoforms that correlate with cell differentiation
CD49a–f	B cells, memory T cells, monocytes	Matrix components	Also called VLA-1 through -6, associates with CD29 to form integrins, adhesion
CD54	T cells, B cells, monocytes/macrophages, endothelial cells	CD11a/CD18, rhinovirus	Adhesion molecule; also called ICAM-1
CD56	NK cells		Adhesion
CD58	Hematopoietic, endothelial and epithelial cells	CD2	LFA-3, adhesion
CD62E	Endothelial cells	Sialyl-Lewis X	E-selectin, adhesion, mediates leukocyte rolling
CD62L	B cells, T cells, NK cells, monocytes	CD34	L-selectin, adhesion, mediates rolling
CD62P	Platelets, endothelial cells	Sialyl-Lewis X	P-selectin, adhesion, mediates rolling of neutrophils
CD64	Monocytes/macrophages	IgG	High-affinity Fc receptor (FcγRI)
CD68	Monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils	LDL	Cytoplasmic localization, phagocytic activity
CD79a/b	B cells		Associated with the B-cell antigen receptor, signal transduction
CD80	Dendritic cells, macrophages, activated B cells	CD28, CD152 (CTLA-4)	Costimulatory ligand
CD85	T cells, B cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages	MHC class I molecules	ILT family, modulates cell activation, mostly inhibition
CD86	Dendritic cells, macrophages, activated B cells	CD28, CD152 (CTLA-4)	Costimulatory ligand
CD94	T cell subsets, NK cells	HLA-E	Inhibition of cell activation
CD95	Wide distribution	CD178 (Fas-ligand)	Induces apoptosis; also called Fas
CD102	Endothelial cells, T cells, B cells, monocytes	CD11a/CD18	Adhesion; also called ICAM-2
CD152	Activated T cells	CD80, CD86	Negative regulatory signal; also called CTLA-4
CD154	Activated T cells	CD40	Provides costimulatory signal
CD158a–k	T-cell subsets, NK cells	MHC class I molecules	Positive and negative regulatory signals; also called killer immunoglobulin-like receptor
CD159a/c	T cell subsets, NK cells	HLA-E	Associates with CD94, negative (a) and positive (c) regulatory signal
CD178	Activated T cells, various tissue cells	CD95	Induces apoptosis
CD195	Effector T cells, monocytes, neutrophils	RANTES, MIP-1α, MIP-1β	Chemokine receptor, induces migration to peripheral tissue, coreceptor for HIV; also called CCR5
CD197	Naïve and memory T cells, B cells, dendritic cells	Chemokines CCL19 and CCL21	Chemokine receptor, induces migration to secondary lymphoid tissue; also called CCR7
CD281–289	Dendritic cell, monocyte	Microbial products, PAMPs	Cell activation; also called TLR1–9

 

ADCC = antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; CCL = CC chemokine ligand; CCR = CC chemokine receptor; CTLA = cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen; EBV = Epstein-Barr virus; Fc = crystallizable fragment of immunoglobulin; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; HLA = human leukocyte antigen; ICAM = intercellular adhesion molecule; IgE = immunoglobulin E; IgG = immunoglobulin G; IL = interleukin; ILT = immunoglobin-like transcripts; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; LFA = leukocyte function–associated antigen; LPS = lipopolysaccharide; MHC = major histocompatibility complex; MIP = macrophage inflammatory protein; NK = natural killer; PAMPs = pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PECAM = platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule; RANTES = regulated on activation, T-cell expressed and secreted; TLR = toll-like receptor; VLA = vascular leukocyte adhesion molecule.

 

 
TABLE 42-2   -- CYTOKINES AND CYTOKINE FUNCTION

Cytokines	Major Producer Cells	Principal Action
HEMATOPOIETIN FAMILY
IL-2	T cells	Proliferation of T cells, B cells, and NK cells
IL-3	T cells	Early hematopoiesis
IL-4	T cells, mast cells	B-cell activation, IgE switch, inhibition of TH1 cells
IL-5	T cells, mast cells	Eosinophil growth and differentiation
IL-6	Macrophages, endothelial cells	T-cell and B-cell growth and differentiation, induction of acute phase proteins
IL-7	Bone marrow, thymic epithelium	Growth of pre-B cells and pre-T cells
IL-9	T cells	Stimulates mast cells and TH2 cells
IL-11	Stromal fibroblasts	Hematopoiesis
IL-13	T cells	B-cell growth and differentiation, inhibition of TH1 cells and macrophages
G-CSF	Fibroblasts and monocytes	Neutrophil development and differentiation
IL-15	Non-T cells	Growth of T cells and NK cells
GM-CSF	Macrophages, T cells	Growth and differentiation of myelomonocytic lineage cells
INTERFERON FAMILY
IFN-α	Leukocytes	Antiviral, increases MHC class I expression
IFN-β	Fibroblasts	Antiviral, increases MHC class I expression
IFN-γ	T cells, NK cells	Macrophage activation, increases expression of MHC molecules, Ig class switching, inhibition of TH2 cells
TNF FAMILY
TNF-α	Macrophages, NK cells, T cells	Induction of proinflammatory cytokines, endothelial cell activation, apoptosis
TNF-β (LT-α)	T cells, B cells	Cell death, endothelial activation, lymphoid organ development
LT-β	T cells, B cells	Cell death, lymphoid organ development
OTHERS
TGF-β	Monocytes, T cells	Anti-inflammatory, inhibits cell growth, induces IgA secretion
IL-1α, IL-1β	Macrophages, endothelial cells	Acute phase response, fever, macrophage activation, costimulation
IL-10, IL-1β	T cells, macrophages	Suppression of macrophage functions
IL-12	Macrophages, dendritic cells	NK cell activation, TH1 cell differentiation
IL-16	T cells, mast cells, eosinophils	Chemoattractant for CD4 T cells, monocytes, and eosinophils
IL-17	CD4 memory cells	Cytokine production by epithelia, endothelia, and fibroblasts
IL-18	Macrophages	IFN-γ production by T cells and NK cells

 

CD = cluster of differentiation; G-CSF = granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF = granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN = interferon; Ig = immunoglobulin; IL = interleukin; LT = lymphotoxin; MHC = major histocompatibility complex; NK = natural killer; TGF = transforming growth factor; TH = helper T lymphocyte; TNF = tumor necrosis factor.